Stop Smoking

Consistently that ticks by 50 Americans kick the bucket. Smoking is executing Americans every day. Around 1,200 individuals kick the bucket a day from smoking. A great many people don't comprehend what smoking does to their bodies. Smoking can harm lungs, decay teeth, and cause speedy maturing. First of all, smoking can negatively affect your lungs. Cancer-causing agents are what makes up cigarettes. This compound causes dingy develop within your lungs. This is likewise called tar. Tar development can in the long run separate the cells of the lungs and lead to cancer.Emphysema is a condition that regularly happens when the smoke is discharged into the air sacs. Hence, the air sacs are obliterated and lose flexibility. Individuals who experience the ill effects of emphysema experience brevity of breath and make some hard memories with a tiny smidgen of effort. Envision getting up out of your seat and strolling into the kitchen and when you arrive at the kitchen you are winded. Moreove r, smoking can make your teeth decay. Smoking declines the calcium consolidation which implies your bones aren’t as thick and more fragile.It additionally causes tobacco stains on your teeth. The Journal of the American Medical Association inspected a gathering of 3,531 kids matured from 4 to 11. They found that 53% of those with fillings of dental rot additionally had elevated levels of cotinine, a nicotine subordinate, in their blood. Thus, aloof smoking is answerable for up to 27% of tooth rot in kids. At long last, smoking can make you age snappier. The second you take a delay a cigarette you are starting to shave a very long time off your life.When you smoke, you increment your danger of kicking the bucket from coronary illness, stroke, lung malady, eye sickness, bone ailment, and disease of pretty much every organ. Tobacco smoke bargains the creation of collagen, elastin, and skin proteins that make skin solid and flexible. Without the help of these skin parts, the skin debases quicker and all the more harshly. Smoking is one of the most exceedingly awful things you can do to yourself. I trust by perusing this you will never smoke or quit smoking. Smoking will just harm your lungs, decay teeth, and cause brisk maturing. Simply ask yourself. Is it justified, despite all the trouble?

Soc.#5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soc.#5 - Essay Example They needed the world to be a sheltered spot to live in and each harmony adoring country reserved a privilege to carry on with their own life, decide their own organizations and be guaranteed of equity. For world harmony the United States built up a Fourteen Point Program. These included giving freedom to all the significant European states. The US verified that how different countries treat Russia in the coming months would be a basic analysis of their cooperative attitude. It would likewise exhibit to what degree Russia was required by these European countries and whether they required Russia’s compassion by any means. The Fourteen Point Plan additionally requested that the attacked parcels in each country ought to be reestablished by Russia and that the United States would be accomplices with every such government that battled against the radicals. This caused the Soviets to get suspicious towards the United States. Another motivation behind why the soviets created doubt in the United States was the point at which they wouldn't help Russia’s remaking after the war under the Lend-Lease Act of 1941. Before the finish of summer of 1945, after the WWII had finished, the United States realized that the Soviet economy was in a condition of close to fall. The Soviets had lost 20 million officers during the war and another 20-30 million during Stalin’s decade of cleanse preliminaries. Any number of production lines and railroad tracks had been demolished. Stalin had the option to satisfy his guarantee of industrialization during the Five Year Plan to his kin however all that been accomplished were currently in a crushed condition. Due to all the annihilation that had occurred in Russia, United States realized they were in a more grounded position and when the Soviets moved toward the United States for the truly necessary financial guide for recuperation, they were denied this benefit. The Soviets’ demand for a six billion dollar advance had just been denied. Under the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, prior the United States had transported

Edit Submission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alter Submission - Essay Example e regular in the association with the political figures has been tended to by the various political discussions that are accessible on the web-based social networking and systems. The complaints and grumblings of the residents of any nation can be communicated to the authorities in a definitely more dependable and quick way than previously. The rise of any news on the web is closely resembling fire in a dry backwoods in the cutting edge times. Any demonstration of unfortunate behavior by the legislature can't be covered up since individuals have obtained more prominent capacity to voice their suppositions with the appearance of the web. The ongoing uprising in the Arab nations, for example, Egypt, Libya, couldn't have been organized with such solidarity and viability if the internet based life and systems had not been accessible. The risings were driven by no obvious pioneers yet at the prod of aggregate reasoning and thoughts. The tyrannical idea of the initiative in those nations c onsistently precluded any declaration of pessimism towards the rulers; anyway the gathering of tumult among the majority on the web changed into an authentic insurgency that liberated the individuals from long periods of tyranny. The residents are progressively mindful about the predominant political exercises which make them equipped for having a solid feeling about everything in their social orders. These feelings are known to pick up voice on the political gatherings which can demonstrate to impact the center goals of the ideological groups. Fair gatherings will in general depend on such web correspondence significantly more than authoritarian guideline. In particular, the correspondence and crusading is seen to heighten in the hours of the races. A clear advantage of political correspondence over the web is that the ideological groups can assess the reactions and remarks of their voters and plan their activities in like manner. This demonstrates to turn into an on-going overview for the ideological groups since the achievement or disappointment of any occasion or strategy can be recovered on a quick premise by means of social

Three Examples of Auden’s Wartime Poetry In Time of War Sonnet XVI, Spain 1937, and 1st September 1939 - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"His effort to examine poetry with a coroner’s or detective’s clinical eye conceives of poetry as engaged with history and society†Loris Mirella (on W.H. Auden), â€Å"Realigning Modernism†Auden’s poems â€Å"Spain, 1937†, â€Å"Sonnet XVI†, and â€Å"1st September 1939† all testify to the English poet’s â€Å"clinical† detachment, a feature of his writing. Rather than separating him from the subject-matter, the sense of objectivity so characteristic of the poems serves to enhance the comprehensive expositions of a decade of war and emotional fatigue. The simple structure of W.H. Auden’s poem â€Å"Sonnet XVI† – it takes the form of an Italian sonnet, although it resembles its Shakespearean counterpart in its rhyming scheme – contrasts strongly with the sprawling free verse of â€Å"Spain†, an account of the four-year-long civil war (1936 – 1939). Similarly, â€Å"1s t September† differs from the others in form, resembling a combination of the two, with a rhyming scheme of sorts and tighter lines which, for the most part, contain no more than seven syllables. Most significantly, though, this last poem breaks from the author’s characteristic distance from his subject, a detachment Fountain (2007) refers to as â€Å"Auden’s panoptic view† (171). This essay will consider the three poems individually, and attempt to show that while the poet personalises the decade in â€Å"1st September†, opening the piece with the first-person signifier, â€Å"I†, he does not preclude the possibility of the poet engaging with pressing social and political issues. Rather, the synoptic approach enables Auden to address civic issues on an individual level, allowing the reader to identify with the citizen of the late-thirties who, along with his compatriots, repeats to himself what he knows to be right: â€Å" ‘I will be true to the wife, / I’ll concentrate more on my work,’ †.The opening lines of â€Å"Sonnet XVI† evoke the physical and emotional gulf that divides the political tacticians, military top brass, and those not involved in the conflict from the ordinary front-line soldier. The stark opening image of war being â€Å"simple like a monument† immediately suggests society’s inability to recognize the complex implications war has for a society. Even as a commemoration erected in goodwill and remembrance, a stone structure is a vain attempt to bridge the emotional, physical and psychological gap between those involved in and affected by the war and those who were not. Indeed, Willis (2002) goes so far as to state that â€Å"the opening image of war as a monument †¦ reveals that man commemorates the terror and glory of war, killing and waste† (38).The three subsequent images following the colon at the end of the first line are just as strikin g as the first. They, also, pursue the notion of war’s disconnection from humanity; until the fourth line, when a servant brings in milk to drink, the only animate objects are flags and a telephone. Furthermore, Auden’s use of the present participle in the second line – â€Å"A telephone is speaking to a man† – increases the discomfort already instilled in the reader by the severity of the first line. The telephone assumes a human distinctiveness, and carries with it, continuously it seems, a perverse, disembodied power to instruct. The only indication that a war is being waged is the â€Å"Flags on a map†, and the notion of war as an abstraction is emphasized by this indirect reference to the conflict. Each image so far has pointed has acted only as a signifier, pointing to the war. In addition, the diction is such that very few words exceed one syllable, a feature that ensures the reader’s attention is not diverted from the images t hemselves. The same feature of the poem’s language simultaneously restricts the images to abstract reflections of a tactical war-room.Referring to the piece’s ambiguous form, exhibiting as it does features of an Italian as well as a Shakespearean sonnet, Willis (2002) says, â€Å"This twist on appearance, the play on actuality, also penetrates the argument of the sonnet, which contrasts the referential problems of language to its referential power.† (37) What she suggests is that while the first quatrain presents an abstraction, the second stanza gives the actuality of the situation – the details of the war itself. The bipartite form of the poem thus mirrors the content of the piece, which seems split over each half of the poem. Although the complexity of the language does not change, and the pattern of monosyllabic words continues, the intensity of the images increases. Emotive words and phrases such as â€Å"living men†, â€Å"terror†, â⠂¬Å"thirst† (repeated twice in line 6), and â€Å"die† permeate the second quatrain, bringing alive the reality of the conflict. Furthermore, the inclusion of the times â€Å"nine† and â€Å"noon† refer the otherwise intangible conflict to a familiar day-to-day routine. Away from the intellectual obscurity of the war room, where inanimate objects represent the ongoing realities, the message is vivid and unambiguous: men are suffering and dying. This juxtaposition of the two verses is perhaps most striking in the way in which the first stanza leads into the second – â€Å"There is a plan / For living men in terror of their lives† – whereby it becomes immediately evident that the â€Å"plan†, directly linked to the removed war room, has manifest implications for the soldiers.The â€Å"referential problems of language† to which Willis makes mention – the gap between word, or signifier, and meaning, which the first qua train evidences so strongly – takes on a different light as the sonnet proceeds into its last sestet. The first line of the third stanza – â€Å"But ideas can be true although men die† – suggests that an idea, which is abstract by nature, is not necessarily a negative thing, although men might die protecting it. In this case, â€Å"language’s referential power† is immense. No longer removed from action, the language of an idea is perceived as an active, animating thing. Men are killed because of an idea; likewise, the narrator notes that â€Å"we can watch a thousand faces / Made active by one lie†. The notable inclusion of the first-person â€Å"we† in the third stanza is significant, as the sonnet moves steadily towards its end. Apart from the first word of the poem, â€Å"Here†, there has as yet been no indication of the narrator’s presence, or interest, in the events. Following the pattern of the piece, though , in which abstraction has steadily given way to specifics, the speaker recognizes that he makes up part of an on looking community. In doing so, he further crystallizes the idea of war, which language at first could not adequately describe. Likewise, the narrator’s original â€Å"panoptic view† zooms in from the troops to their faces. The final sestet exists as a single sentence held together by two colons, and as each line’s meter decreases steadily from iambic pentameter to nine syllables, then six, then four with the closing line, the war climactically leaves the purely referential symbolism of a map: â€Å"And maps can really point to places / Where life is evil now: / Nanking; Dachau.† As Willis (2002) concludes, â€Å"while the octave displays the problematic nature of abstraction in language and thought, the sestet celebrates the representational power of words.† In contrast to the tight structure of â€Å"Sonnet XVI†, a poem which c oncentrates primarily on the subject of man’s attitude towards war, relying on form to augment the content, â€Å"Spain† sprawls. Its expansive language – utterly different to the sparse, monosyllabic words of â€Å"Sonnet† – and free verse allows Auden to explore extensively not only the Spanish Civil War, but the reasons for war itself in the early 20th century. The poem begins with a synopsis of Man’s progression through the ages, considering all nature of things from religion, to economics, to science. The repetition of â€Å"yesterday† is slowly overcome by the refrain, â€Å"But to-day the struggle†, as the piece moves on to consider the present, and then eventually the future. Of the three poems considered here, â€Å"Spain† presents the best example of Auden’s ‘panoptic view’, as he attempts to consider all possible aspects of humanity’s movement towards war, and the possibilities that might present themselves in the future. Indeed, Fountain (2007) asserts, â€Å"By detailing the minutiae that contribute to this development [of conflict], Auden addresses the overall concept of war, rather than merely one of its many historical examples.† (171)â€Å"Marching rapidly through the centuries, Auden depicts the gradual separation of men from the natural world and the increasing reliance of men upon an intermediary tool between them and Nature: the applications and inventions of science. Soon it is apparent that most men have little control over the forces they have created to manipulate nature.† (Bone 1972: 4) Here, Bone refers first to Man’s concentration on economics and wealth – â€Å"the trade-routes† and â€Å"the counting-frame†, as well as â€Å"the cromlech†, representative of religion’s entrance into society. The â€Å"applications and inventions of science† eventually follow, first in the form of à ¢â‚¬Å"cart-wheels and clocks†, and eventually become indispensable. Most pertinent, though, is his comment regarding Man’s â€Å"little control over the forces they have created†, especially considering the numerous cries for aid from the various characters. Significantly, the first of these cries comes from the poet: â€Å" ‘O my vision. O send me the luck of the sailor.’ † Speaking of Auden, Mirella (1992) states that the poet â€Å"conceives of engagement or activity in terms of the poet’s involvement. Auden’s treatment of the figure of the poet varies from all-powerful to impotent.† (102) The poet, depicted as he is in the midst of nature, exhorts rather than cries, but is yet reliant on something else other than himself for inspiration. He seems to strive toward a truth â€Å"among the pines†, free form the modern inventions, but cannot quite grasp the enlightenment he seeks. The ineffectiveness of his efforts is revealed by his link to the scientist-investigator’s endless search for information. The poet, like the scientist, might eventually be successful in his search, but the repetition of â€Å"I inquire, I inquire† emphasizes the impotence with which both navigators of their professions go about their task.In the same way that â€Å"Sonnet XVI† depicts the abstractness of war as being the enduring aspect of its inhumanity, so the cries of the poet, the investigator, the poor and the nations, invoking an intangible â€Å"life†, illustrate the pervasive despair caused by the civil war. Before this, even, they call on â€Å"History the operator, the / Organizer, Time the refreshing river.† Their exclamations contrast human society and nature, but the imagery is conflated so that even nature is implicated in the conflict as they ask, â€Å" ‘Did you not found once the city state of the sponge, / ‘Raise the vast military empires of the shark / And the tiger, establish the robin’s plucky canton?’ † The result is that the omnipotent God they invoke appears less as a benevolent saviour, but rather as an all-powerful, callous being. Indeed, the degenerative plea, which appeals to God to â€Å" ‘Intervene, O descend as a dove or / A furious papa or a mild engineer’ †, ends by representing the Almighty exactly as, in the view of the narrator, the principal creator of the war : â€Å"an engineer†. The piece up to then portrays man’s ‘evolution’, specifically related to his move away from nature and increasing dependence on machinery, as the enabling factor in war. The seemingly contradictory link between God and war striking, and predicates the ominous reply. With specific reference to God’s response, Fountain (2007) states that â€Å"the persona contends that even God has been nurtured through historical evolution, has been claimed by the hands of man .† (172) God is described as the â€Å" ‘Yes-man, the bar-companion, the easily-duped: I am whatever you do; I am your vow to be / Good, your humorous story; / I am your business voice; I am your marriage.’ † Religion has been eroded to the point that there is no sanctity in the idea of God. Yet, just as â€Å"Sonnet XVI† suggests, in its the lines â€Å"And we can watch a thousand faces / Made active by one lie†, the power an idea carries, so this new notion of God directly affects society. The final sentence the narrator attributes to God is this, â€Å" ‘Very well, I accept, for / I am your choice, your decision: yes, I am Spain.’ † Both the culmination of the stanza and an anti-climax – a climactic anti-climax, perhaps – this line is key to understanding the narrator’s intention in positing the reasons for man’s descent into violence. The idea of Spain, as represented by the narrator, is not a detached ideal espoused by the elite of society. Rather, the similarities between â€Å"Sonnet† and â€Å"Spain† once again become apparent, as the idea of Spain can be related to the idea that â€Å"can be true although men die†. Specific mention is made of â€Å"the suicide pact, the romantic / Death†, denoting the exact nature of the idea. That it is a â€Å"choice†, a â€Å"decision† agreed upon by all types of men – the yes-man, the bar-companion, the easily-duped, the all-encompassing â€Å"you† the ambiguous God-like ideal addresses, further entrenches the paradoxical specificity of the amorphous, character-changing idea. To continue the comparison between â€Å"Sonnet† and â€Å"Spain†, it is interesting to note how the latter poem’s focus moves from a long-distance examination of the past to eventually present the country as being part of the earth’s terrain, even describing the country as if literally positioning it on a map: â€Å"On that arid square, that fragment nipped off from hot / Africa, soldered so crudely to inventive Europe, / On that tableland scored by rivers†. This is especially striking in what Fountain (2007) terms â€Å"the final phase† (174) of â€Å"Spain†. Spain, previously elevated to a God-like status and given its own voice, is described in terms of its landmarks and people. The section of the poem beginning, â€Å"Many have heard it on remote peninsulas,† and ending with, â€Å"To-morrow the bicycle races† contains the most consistently vivid imagery in the poem, most of it describing Spain the country. Not surprisingly, the pastoral images of Spain that occur through the three descriptive stanzas, in which its people are described as â€Å"migrating like gulls or the seeds of a flower†, contrast strongly with the â€Å"fever’s menacing shapes [which] are precise and alive†. The result o f this close inspection of Spain, as if the investigator were peering through one of his instruments and noting his findings, is to calcify the ideal of Spain as an actual place.Concerning the final lines of â€Å"Sonnet†, at the point where Nanking and Dachau are named as â€Å"places where life is evil now†, Berger (1997) asserts that â€Å"they are granted features, marks of identity †¦ though vestiges of schematic or anonymous portrayal still remain.† (4) Similarly, although the narrator indulges in a section of precise imagery in which â€Å"Yesterday† – the past – is contextualized, he quickly returns to the panoptic lens which characterizes this poem and others. â€Å"To-morrow†, and finally, â€Å"To-day†, becomes the new refrain, bringing with it the anonymities of a broad time marker. The actualities of Spain, the strong, exact imagery which grant Spain and its people identity are substituted for abstractions suc h as â€Å"the future†, â€Å"consciousness†, â€Å"romantic love†, and â€Å"liberty†. In this sense, the poem ends where it begins, with a synopsis of the present and the future. The summary of what might happen is of particular reference to Spain, but the â€Å"vestiges of anonymous portrayal†, the withdrawal from particular details which would link the descriptions to Spain exclusively, allows the narrator to present Spain and the Spanish Civil War as a model war, and the reasons for its occurrence assume universal qualities.Of â€Å"September†, Miller (2003) states:â€Å"To see encoding in the poem, one can divide it into a macro and micro reading and observe how the two interweave and often create two separate subjects. On the macro scale, the dawn of World War II, Nazi Germany, and an erudite damning of the historicity of the world are present: â€Å"Mismanagement and grief: We must suffer them all again†. Using a micro scale paints a different picture, arguably a self-portrait: â€Å"I sit in one of those dives / On Fifty-second Street / Uncertain and afraid / [†¦] / Faces along the bar† (116)Although Miller’s primary interest is examining the homoerotic encoding in Auden’s poetry, his point is applicable to my argument that while Auden drops his panoptic lens, employing an ordinary Kodak instead (to extend the metaphor) to consider the individual’s perspective, his piece is informed primarily by the social and political issues similar to those of the two previous poems considered. Considering the content of the poem is a palpable mix between the micro and macro approaches seen in â€Å"Sonnet XVI† and â€Å"Spain†, it is perhaps fitting that â€Å"September’s† structure reveals a mixture of the two. The sprawling free verse of â€Å"Spain† is limited to shorter lines, more economical in their imagery. And while there is no rhyme scheme – as you would expect in a sonnet, for example – to speak of, interspersed throughout the piece are glimpses of the order that rhyme affords a piece. In the first stanza, for example, â€Å"afraid† is paired with â€Å"decade† further on, â€Å"bright† with â€Å"light†, and â€Å"earth†, somewhat discordantly, with â€Å"death†. The same feature is evident in the second stanza, between â€Å"mad† and â€Å"made† with the same jarring effect. The final lines once again have a foreboding effect: â€Å"What all schoolchildren learn, / Those to whom evil is done / Do evil in return†. The end-rhyme between â€Å"learn† and â€Å"return† gives the short lines a moralizing tone, reminiscent of an epigram given to children to learn by heart. The trivializing effect of the stanza’s closing lines is an extreme example of the effects of the rhyming scheme of the poem, but its effect can be appli ed more generally to the piece. Having come across one or two of these end-rhymes, the reader expects more, tries to identify a rhythm, but, yet can’t. The haphazard structure is disconcerting, and so, line by line, the poet infuses the piece with a mood of unrest.One aspect of the poem’s form which links to the seemingly random rhyming scheme discussed above is, which yet lends a sense of rhythm, the short, sharp lines which give the poem its fast pace. The reader is obliged to skim down the page, not allowed the extravagance of having to read unhurriedly across it. Furthermore, only one sentence constitutes each stanza, the only major punctuation being colons and semicolons, which never quite separate the simple or complex thought process. Considering that the poem is narrated from a first-person perspective and the events are told in the present tense, it is reasonable to conclude that we, the reader, are privy to the narrator’s thought processes. Mirella (19 92) describes poetry as â€Å"a pure stylistic and uncircumscribed practice most elementally embodied in modernism. †¦ Great art, critics postulate, requires absolute detachment from all non-artistic concerns, a complete fidelity to the medium of one’s craft; in this case, to language.† (96) Auden, even as part of the modernist movement, does not approach Eliot, Joyce, or Woolf in their experimental works, but â€Å"September† still exhibits a certain preoccupation with language. The single-sentence stanzas, with the short, simple lines that bounce rapidly from one image to the next and from one abstract thought to another, have a resemblance to the stream-of-consciousness technique employed most famously by Joyce and Woolf. The overarching effect is to give the reader an intimate look into the consciousness of the narrator and, by association, the ordinary person, as he repeatedly allies himself with them using the first-person pronouns, â€Å"we† a nd â€Å"our†.According to Mirella (1992), â€Å"From Audens perspective, the celebration of the new poetry, the new season of writing, alters significantly, and by the start of World War II, he is pessimistic about the function of poetry and of the poet: †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (97) Although he does not lose faith entirely in poetry’s role in society, perceiving as he does â€Å"engagement or activity in terms of the poet’s involvement†, certain lines of â€Å"September† suggest that he does begin to doubt the transcendental power of language which modernism’s detachment, as art for art’s sake, imbued it with. This doubt is most specifically exemplified by four lines in the fourth stanza: â€Å"Into this neutral air / Where blind skyscrapers use / Their full height to proclaim / The strength of Collective Man, / Each language pours its vain / Competitive excuse: / But who can live for long / In an euphoric dream†. Here the narrator ma kes reference to the biblical story of the Tower of Babel. The famous Old Testament account of how a group of men failed to build a tower to reach to the heavens because of the difficulties in understanding each other is apt here, as it is language itself which thwarts man’s efforts to transcend his present situation, to become more powerful than what he is. Incidentally, this image of the inadequacy of the â€Å"blind skyscraper† which, the narrator suggests ironically, demonstrates Collective Man’s authority over his surroundings, links strongly with â€Å"Spain’s† concern with machinery. Engineering fails to unite man in either â€Å"Spain† or â€Å"September†, painting a bleak picture of man’s supposed advancement. Indeed, they have come no further than their Old Testament counterparts.The narrator’s pessimistic take on language extends through the stanzas. In the third, he speaks of â€Å"The elderly rubbish they [ dictators] talk / To an apathetic grave; Analysed all in his book, / The enlightenment driven away†, and in the fourth he mentions â€Å"The windiest militant trash / Important Persons shout†. This focus on the deadening effect of propaganda is one of the poem’s most direct criticisms of the political leadership at the time. Once more, the narrator deconstructs the myth of man’s advancement, invoking the Philosophy of Ancient Greece, in the form of Thucydides. â€Å"Democracy†, as an ideal, is presented with an uppercase â€Å"D†, emphasizing what man has found to be its abstractness and elusiveness. Most pointedly, though, the narrator’s reference to Thucydides’ book is an explicit evoking of words. The words and thoughts laid down in the book have become Truth, in that they tell of how the speech on â€Å"Democracy† that will always be the same, how dictators distort and appropriate words to further their own interests, and how man’s rule will always end in â€Å"Mismanagement and grief†. What Auden/the narrator assumes to be the impotence of language is summed up in the most personal terms in the commuters’ morning vow: â€Å" ‘I will be true to the wife, / I’ll concentrate more on my work,’ †. Never, however, does the narrator discount the dual nature of words. The abstractness of words revealed time and again in Auden’s poetry, from the first stanza of â€Å"Sonnet XVI† to the peoples’ cries to History and Time in â€Å"Spain†, is one aspect, represented in â€Å"September† by the Babel-like failure to collaborate to build a potent structure. The other, however, is language’s immense power to bring alive plans and ideas, a power which can result in war and death. The narrator addresses this aspect, most poignantly, in the final lines of the penultimate stanza: â€Å"Who can release them now, / Who can rea ch the deaf, / Who can speak for the dumb?† Words subjugate a nation, used as they are as propaganda for a dictator, and those without power, such as the ordinary man who can only repeat the same, empty vow on his way to work, becomes disenfranchised with no hope, it would seem, of regaining individual autonomy. Moving towards its conclusion, the poem once again takes on an intensely personal tone: â€Å"May I, composed like them / Of Eros and of dust, / Beleaguered by the same / Negation and despair, / Show an affirming flame.† The narrator’s resolute desire to engage with the â€Å"social dissolution and chaotic destruction† (Mirella 1992: 98) is affirmed by the strong alliteration of â€Å"affirming flame†. Furthermore, in contrast to the child-like rhyme of the first stanza, these five lines present a fervent and robust identification of the narrator with â€Å"the Just†, the â€Å"them†. These are lines which point to the individu al, as well as the corporal suffering. This, along with the title of poem, which signifies the start of World War II, one of the most widely-affecting events in modern history, lifts the narrator’s micro-view of a bar in New York City, including the desire of an individual â€Å"I†, so that it assumes the same comprehensiveness of the panoptic expositions of â€Å"Spain† and, to an extent, â€Å"Sonnet XVI†. Even more, though, â€Å"September† points to Auden’s ability to identify with the individual and his everyday humanity, a capability which ensures his enduring involvement in the social affairs of the time and, ultimately, vindicates his poetry, despite its reliance on words, the treacherous things he believes them to be.

Essay about Causes of The Outbreak of the American Civil War

Causes of The Outbreak of the American Civil War The deep south had strong opinions on issues on which the south had other feeling on, one of the main issues was that of slavery. The north had an obvious disagreement with the south over the issue of slavery, this started at the very beginning of the union with the south saying that slaves had been used for years in ancient Greece and Rome. Southerners felt that it was a more distinguished way of life and thought that the north did not like the idea of slavery as they were more interested in saving the money for themselves. Abolitionists formed a group, at first they were a group of middle class women who thought that they were helping a good†¦show more content†¦If the south were to get this territories it would mean that the number of seats in congress would be uneven, and slave states would be more powerful in congress than the free states. As a compromise the government decided that Maine would join the union at the same time as Missouri but would join as a free stat e insuring the number of seats on congress remained the same. This situation threatened both the north and south but did not lead them to had a disagreement that would cause either to act in a violent way. At the same time a treaty was signed to say that no slave states could admitted over the line 36 30. This can be seen as the first divide between the North and the South. When this decisions was made, it was disputed by the south that congress was able to make decisions involving the territories. Other territories which caused problems for the north and the south was the annexation of Texas, southerners wanted it to split from Mexico as the area could be split into 5 slave states, this would ensure that they would get many more seats in congress, this could be seen as a campaign against the North and increased Northern fears of a slave power conspiracy. 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The Search For Happiness By Benjamin Franklin And Jonathan...

Oscar Chavez Professor Hellenbrand English 473 15 October 2015 The Search For Happiness As two prominent heroes of the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards mastered the art of religious theology and the sciences. Although their uprisings differed, they shared a drive for success and individual approach. Sharing an interest in similar fields, their ideals of religion and fulfillment became very different, which helped shape their own future endeavors. I will consider Edwards and Franklin to be a few of the last â€Å"Do it all† men of the 18th century. Jonathan Edwards was born on 1703 in East Windsor, Connecticut to a middle class protestant family. Edwards went to school for ministry after graduating from Yale, and unlike Benjamin Franklin, he did live up to his families expectancies and became a well-known preacher at the age of 26. In his Personal Narrative, Edwards speaks on the inner sins that haunt him, and his newfound happiness in God’s grace. He also discusses his progress and devotion to God. At a younger age, Edwards questioned Gods Sovereignty and his nonbelief in predestination led him to further ask how could one man decide another mans faith? â€Å"my mind had been wont to be full of objects against the doctrine of God’s sovereignty, in choosing whom He would to eternal life and rejecting whom he pleased; leaving them eternally to perish, and be everlasting tormented in hell† (180). Edwards and Anne Bradstreet both share these puritan conflictsShow MoreRelatedMena Abduljabbar. History 108. Mr. Solheim . I Am Writing1199 Words   |  5 Pagestwo Americans Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin, who are hard workers, and self-sacrificing as young men. they wrote personal narratives, in which they tell of youth happenings and of their adult attempting for moral perfection. The reasons I chose those two people are that they spent their lives searching for perfection. Edwards try to find perfection through God while Franklin improved himself through his own. Both believed in a godly creator, but they differed in how happiness was achievedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesBasic Research Methods for Librarians Ronald R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee IntroductionRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesTheory Behavioral Management Theory Administrative Management Theory Scientific Management Theory 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 behind the evolution of management theory is the search for better ways to utilize organizational resources. Advances in management thought typically occur as managers and researchers ï ¬ nd better ways to perform the principal management tasks: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling human and other

Journal Of Applied Economics And Business †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Applied Business And Economics? Answer Introducation Nike, Inc. one of a renowned brand in apparel and sports industry that deals in manufacturing athletic footwear, apparel as well as sports equipment. It is one of the leading American multinational companies that engaged in designing, manufacturing and selling sports-related apparel, footwear and accessories in the international market. The company was founded in 1964 and is the pioneer in sports equipment and apparel industry through providing the range of quality products to different segment customers(Baccarella et al. 2014). Nike, Inc. promotes their range of goods under its brand name. Various subsidiaries are operating by the Nike it mainly includes Brand Jordan, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Air Force 1, etc. that serve customers across the world. Along with this, the company also operates their activities through their authorized retail stores that are under Niketown name. The company also sponsors many athletes as well as sports teams around the world so that they can easily promote their products. Product Description- Nike Inc. design and produce wide-range of sports equipment and products. Currently, the company engages in making jerseys, shoes, shorts, etc. for a wide range of sports activities such as trekking, soccer, football, and basketball. Nike also comprises of the premium line product, which focused more on streetwear than sportswear labeled as NikeLab. In addition to this, Nike product also includes street fashion product that is tracksuits, sneakers, sweatpants, crop tops, etc. for targeting American and European teenagers(Bacile, Ye Swilley 2014). Target Market Nike is worlds foremost company in sports footwear and apparel market. It has been assessed that innovation and quality products by Nike seek to extend athletic potential by designing and manufacturing the sports products and apparel. The company mainly target on the base of demographic segmentation that is gender and age. For selling their shoes, clothes and other sports accessories it primarily targets both males and females of 18-35 years old. According to CEO of Nike, Mark parker has also stated that with the increasing interest in sports events the company is also targeting kids and young athletes. Kids those who engage in recreation activities are growing business of Nike(Belch et al. 2014). Along with kids and young athletes Nike, Inc. also targets women through expanding the range of women apparels particularly tights and sports bras. Through reviewing the last quarter sales, it has been identified that sale of Nike women training garments just gets double with the sales of mens training apparel. Positioning Strategy To attract or grab target market audiences Nike, Inc. focuses on using effective positioning strategy that benefits company in placing their product in market effectively and efficiently. With the increasing marketing trend, Nike has managed in building the brand name that appeal to the entire demographic segment. The company has also use positioning statement for marketing their products that are Nike gives confidence to their audiences that they would provide quality and perfect shoe for every sport(Blakeman 2014). The positioning strategy also assists Nike in building their brand with the universal appeal. Along with this, the company also uses advertisement as positioning strategy through which they can easily enhance their visibility throughout the national and international market. With the help of strong publicity, Nike easily creates their corporate visual identity that further benefits the company in attaining their goals and objectives. The key rationale for selecting advertisement as positioning strategy is that with the increasing marketing trends and activities advertisement via television plays the significant role in positioning the brand name(Vernuccio Ceccotti 2015). Communication Goal With the help of integrated marketing communication (IMC) Nike, Inc. easily grab their audiences with establishing brand name within the sports equipment and apparel industry. Along with this, with the help of IMC cited firm engage in communicating their goal such as the increase in their sales volume through targeting consumer segment, enhancing their market share, etc. Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) strategy improves the efficiency of the branding strategy that is used to deliver right message with the help of using effective medium so that Nike quickly achieve their business goals. IMC also support and synergizes each department and group to have the proper collaboration that results in delivering the beneficial outcome.There are different tools of IMC such as sales promotion, advertisement, public relations as well as personal selling that assist in their brand development(Valos et al. 2016). Therefore, proper integration of all the tools results in effective engagement with their consumers. Nike, Inc. has extensively used integrated marketing communication tools that have supported them in communicating their goals to audiences. With the help of Just do it campaign Nike has attained the high level of success among their competitors. The key objective of the campaign was to target American every gender with all age group to ensure fitness level. With the help of initiating this campaign, Nike has communicated the profound feeling of joy and fitness among their consumers. Along with this, the company has also utilized different other communication platforms for grabbing the attention of their target audiences(Pavlou Stewart 2015). Message strategy and Execution Tactics With the above communication goals there are different other objectives of Nike that mainly include becoming leading company that deals in designing and manufacturing quality sport equipment and apparel. Along with this, another goal of Nike is to deliver valuable products and services to their customers so that they can easily attain their loyalty. With the help of using different strategies company can easily achieve their goals. In order to become worlds leading company in designing and manufacturing quality sports equipment the company must focuses on redesigning and manufacturing innovative products for their customers. For instance, Nike considered Design that produces innovative products that further diminish ecological impact by reducing waste throughout the design and development process(Chan, Ng Prendergast 2014). For this, company also engages in using intoxicated and environmentally preferred supplies for the footwear and apparel. Moreover, for delivering valuable products to their customers and attaining their loyalty Nike has engaged in opening their authorized retail stores within each and every area where Nike serve its products. So, that with the help of this Nike can easily deliver valuable and quality footwear and apparel among their customers. Place consists of company actions through which they make product available to their targeted audiences. Currently Nike, Inc. has about six production offices that are situated outside of the United States. Along with this, it is also reviewed that there are more than 100 sales offices and outlets which are sited internationally(Parente Strausbaugh-Hutchinson 2014). With the help of above different Integrated Marketing Communication program it has been assessed that the main message for engaging in this program is to ensure customers that they will deliver quality and premium line sport products and accessories to their all segment customers. Promotional Mix and Media Strategy In todays corporate world, promotion of products and services has become essential for the growth and success of the company such as Nike. The use of the efficient and appropriate mix of promotional tools helps the organization to create awareness among people in the market and attract them to buy the products/services offered by Nike(Farhana 2014). The promotional mix of Nike is mentioned below as: Advertisement It is considered as one of the most useful tools which Nike use of carrying out marketing and promotion of its products and services(Dong, Janakiraman Xie 2014). The rationale behind using advertisement as promotion mix is to reach mass customers in short time. This promotional tool is useful as it is helping Nike to enhance its brand image and perception among people in the market. Personal selling Nike also use personal selling as a marketing communication tool, and this is contributing directly to growth and success of the brand(McKay-Nesbitt Yoon 2015). Here, the company emphasizes on implementing training and development for its store personnels. These training programs assist employees to understand the changing needs and demand of people in the market and deliver products and services according to the same. The rationale behind using personal selling in the promotional mix is that it assists in understanding customer needs and it also helps in acquiring the higher degree of customer satisfaction. Direct marketing The promotional mix of Nike also include techniques such as direct marketing wherein it sells products and services directly to the targeted customers. The rationale behind using direct marketing is that it assists Nike to examine the overall demand and appeal of its products in the marketplace(Jackson et al. 2014). Direct marketing is useful as it provides the organization with more reliable information about the best marketing approach which can be used to reach the target customers. At the same time, it results in developing strong relationship and bond with new clients. Public relations It can be considered as one of the most vital tools in the promotional mix of Nike. The public relations programs are carried out by Nike with the help of sponsorship in charity and different types of events. On the other hand, the use of public relations tool is also carried out by Nike to address different types of issues present in the society. The green technology program held by Nike is the best example to understand the companys approach to deal with the social problem(Luxton, Reid Mavondo 2015). Public relation is effective as it provides the brand with an opportunity to interact with customers and promote products/service in cost effective manner. To become global brand Nike, Inc. also focuses on using media strategies that benefit the company in accelerating growth and reinforcing brand positioning. With the change in marketing landscape company is also focuses on using digital and online platforms for selling and marketing their quality products. The key media strategy that is used by Nike includes media advertisement through television ads. With the help of television ad, Nike is recognized as swoosh instead of their brand name. The company is using Television advertisement and commercials as it reaches to mass audiences in the shorter period(Kozinets 2017). Along with this, it also helps Nike in conveying their message to the large mass of audiences with proper sound and motion that provide instant creditability. In addition to this, Nike has also adopted internet marketing, social media marketing as well as email marketing strategies for promoting their wide range of sports equipment and apparel among the mass of audiences. The company is using all these media strategies for promoting their products and building the brand image as the premium supplier of sports equipment and accessories(Kuang-Jung et al. 2015). Along with this, it is evident that using social media marketing strategies it benefits the company in enhancing their visibility and attracting large customers towards the product. With growing existence of social media marketing, Nike is also engaged in creating their profiles on different social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc. through which they can instantly promote their range of products with proper description to the mass of audiences. In the present scenario, all sub-brands of Nike has its own Facebook page which focuses on featuring sporting events as well as the promotion of product specification to audiences. Therefore, this assists the company in increasing their brand awareness among fans(Luxton, Reid Mavondo 2015). The company is using this media strategy as it gives superior visibility just in a single click, generates connections among consumers and it also provides the company a chance to gather information regarding the preferences and choice of customers towards Nike products. Conclusion From the above report it has been inferred that marketing plays significant role in Nike, Inc. as it promotes and markets their quality and premium line apparel and sports equipment among mass of audiences. The report has also focused on marketing mix as well as integrated marketing communications tools that are used by cited firm for promoting their wide range of products. Along with this, it also concludes the significance of using promotional mix that promotion of products and services has become essential for the growth and success of the company. References Baccarella, CV, Scheiner, CW, Trefzger, TF Voigt, KI 2014, 'High-tech marketing communication in the automotive industry: a content analysis of print advertisements.', International Journal of Business Environment, vol 6, no. 4, pp. 395-410. Bacile, TJ, Ye, C Swilley, E 2014, ' From firm-controlled to consumer-contributed: Consumer co-production of personal media marketing communication. ', Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 117-133. Belch, GE, Belch, MA, Kerr, GF Powell, I 2014, Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective., McGraw-Hill Education, New York City. Blakeman, R 2014, Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation.., Rowman Littlefield, Maryland . Chan, K, Ng, YL Prendergast, G 2014, 'Should different marketing communication strategies be used to promote healthy eating among male and female adolescents?', Health marketing quarterly, vol 31, no. 4, pp. 339-352. Dong, X, Janakiraman, R Xie, Y 2014, 'The effect of survey participation on consumer behavior: The moderating role of marketing communication.', Marketing Science, vol 33, no. 4, pp. 567-585. Farhana, M 2014, 'Implication of brand identity facets on marketing communication of lifestyle magazine: case study of a Swedish brand. ', Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, vol 4, no. 1, pp. 23-41. Jackson, M, Harrison, P, Swinburn, B Lawrence, M 2014, 'Unhealthy food, integrated marketing communication and power: a critical analysis. ', Critical public health, vol 24, no. 4, pp. 489-505. Kozinets, R 2017, 'Brand Networks as the Interplay of Identities, Selves, and Turtles: Commentary on Interplay between intended brand identity and identities in a Nike related brand community: Co-existing synergies and tensions in a nested system', Journal of Business Research, vol 70, no. 2011, pp. 441-442. Kuang-Jung, C, Mei-Liang, C, Chu-Mei, L Chien-Jung, H 2015, ' Integrated marketing communication, collaborative marketing, and global brand building in Taiwan.', International Journal of Organizational Innovation, vol 7, no. 4, p. 99. Luxton, S, Reid, M Mavondo, F 2015, 'Integrated marketing communication capability and brand performance. ', Journal of Advertising, vol 44, no. 1, pp. 37-46. McKay-Nesbitt, J Yoon, S 2015, ' Social marketing communication messages: How congruence between source and content influences physical activity attitudes. ', Journal of Social Marketing, vol 5, no. 1, pp. 40-55. Parente, D Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K 2014, Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans., Cengage Learning, Boston. Pavlou, PA Stewart, DW 2015, Interactive advertising: A new conceptual framework towards integrating elements of the marketing mix. In New Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium, Springer, New York City. Valos, MJ, Haji Habibi, F, Casidy, R, Driesener, CB Maplestone, VL 2016, 'Exploring the integration of social media within integrated marketing communication frameworks: Perspectives of services marketers. ', Marketing Intelligence Planning, , vol 34, no. 1, pp. 19-40. Vernuccio, M Ceccotti, F 2015, 'Strategic and organisational challenges in the integrated marketing communication paradigm shift: A holistic vision. ', European Management Journal, vol 33, no. 6, pp. 438-449.

Service Management Essays - , Term Papers

Service Management PENGENALAN Perkhidmatan merupakan salah satu daripada sumber penjana ekonomi pada masa kini. Di Malaysia, sektor perkhidmatan telah menyumbang 52.1% daripada Keluaran Negara Kasar dan 25.15% daripada tenaga buruh. Kita boleh lihat berbagai aktiviti perkhidmatan termasuklah bekalan tenaga elektrik, gas dan air, pengangkutan, hotel, restoran dan berbagai-bagai lagi. Salah satu daripadanya adalah stesyen minyak, di mana ianya merupakan satu entiti perkhidmatan yang penting masa kini selaras dengan kemajuan teknologi kejuruteraan dan kenderaan. Petronas Dagangan Berhad merupakan satu-satunya syarikat carigali minyak kebangsaan, di mana ianya kini bersaing dengan 6 syarikat luar negara untuk penjualan minyak kepada pengguna. Ia kini mempunyai lebih daripada 500 rangkaian stesyen servis di seluruh negara. Salah satu daripadanya terletak di Jalan Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur. Di kenali sebagai Stesyen Minyak Bangsar (SMB), ianya merupakan stesyen minyak yang agak sibuk kerana kedudukannya yang terletak di Jalan Bangsar, iaitu merupakan salah satu laluan daripada Petaling Jaya ke Pusat Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur. Selain daripada tempat bagi pemandu untuk mengisi minyak, SMB juga menawarkan berbagai jenis perkhidmatan seperti kedai mini, tempat mengisi angin dan air serta pusat membaiki kereta dan menukar tayar. SMB mempunyai kawasan pasaran meliputi penduduk dari kawasan Petaling Jaya, terutamanya penduduk kawasan Pantai Dalam, Kerinchi, Bangsar dan pelajar serta kakitangan Universiti Malaya. Walaupun terdapat satu lagi stesyen minyak di kawasan tersebut, iaitu Shell, Caltex dan juga sebuah lagi stesyen Petronas di Jalan Maarof, kedudukannya di mana merupakan stesyen yang pertama dilalui sebelum stesyen minyak yang lainnya, memberikannya kelebihan untuk menarik pelanggan berkunjung ke SMB. PAKEJ PERKHIDMATAN Pakej perkhidmatan adalah kombinasi elemen yang dihantar atau disampaikan kepada para pelanggan. Ianya selalunya meliputi kemudahan sokongan, barangan sampingan, pekhidmatan explicit dan implicit. Bagi SMB, kemudahan sokongan yang diberikan berupakan stesyen pengepam, di mana kita dapati terdapat 4 buah stesyen pengepam bagi memudahkan pelanggan. Sekiranya tanpa pengepam, tentulah sukar bagi para pelanggan untuk mendapatkan perkhidmatan SMB kerana ianya adalah salah satu tunjang bagi pakej perkhidmatan SMB. Terdapat juga sebuah kedai mini dan kaunter pembayaran yang disediakan bagi pelanggan yang ingin membeli makanan ringan. Bagi barangan sampingan, kita dapati bahawa produk utama sudah tentulah petroleum bagi kenderaan pelanggan yang seterusnya dapat memberikan manfaat kepada mereka untuk meneruskan perjalanan ke destinasi mereka. SISTEM PENGHANTARAN PERKHIDMATAN Bagi memberikan pelanggan perkhidmatan yang diperlukan, maka perlulah wujud satu sistem penghantaran perkhidmatan. Ia secara keseluruhannya merupakan penentuan proses perkhidmatan serta mengawal proses perkhidmatan yang diberikan agar mencapai tahap yang dikehendaki. Di sini terdapat saling kaitan di antara peralatan, petugas, pelanggan serta persekitaran fizikal yang mana ianya merupakan sati proses interaksi bagi menyampaikan suatu pakej perkhidmatan yang sesuai. Di bawah kita boleh melihat model Sistem Penghantaran Perkhidmatan bagi SMB. Model Sistem Penghantaran bagi Stesyen Minyak Bangsar SUSUNATUR PERKHIDMATAN 1) Kitaran Perkhidmatan Kitaran perkhidmatan merupakan satu kitaran yang menunjukkan bagaimanakah suatu proses perkhidmatan bermula sehinggalah ianya tamat. Kitaran perkhidmatan ini merupakan suatu kitaran yang biasa bagi permintaan yang bukan luar dugaan, di mana ianya akan berulang bagi setiap pelanggan. Dibawah merupakan rajah bagi kitaran perkhidmatan SMB. 2) Susun atur Perkhidmatan Susun atur perkhidmatan adalah penting bagi sesuatu organisasi perkhidmatan kerana ianya menentukan kecekapan penghantaran sesuatu pakej perkhidmatan. Ianya adalah berkaitan dengan susunan peralatan, mesin serta ruang tempat pelanggan dan petugas berinteraksi mahupun menunggu. Di bawah kita dapat melihat susun atur bagi SMB. Pam Angin Tayar dan Air 2 Nombor Pengepam Susun Atur Stesyen Minyak Bangsar 3) Aliran Proses Perkhidmatan Carta aliran proses perkhidmatan dapat dapat membantu di dalam penglihatan untuk menganalisis sistem produksi. Ianya dapat membantu memberikan 2 jenis maklumat penting di mana pertamanya, iaitu apakah interaksi atau langkah yang perlu dijalankan dan keduanya bagi menunjukkan kaitan di antara sesuatu proses atau langkah. Berikut ialah carta aliran proses bagi SMB. Aliran Proses Perkhidmatan Stesyen Minyak Bangsar 4) Blueprint Blueprint merupakan gambaran mengenai suatu sistem perkhidmatan. Blueprint yang mulanya berasal daripada bidang seni bina di mana sebelum sesuatu bangunan itu di bina, pelannya akan dibuat atas sekeping kertas berwarna biru, bagi melakarkan kedudukan serta rekabentuk bangunan, menyebabkan ianya di panggil sedemikian. Berikut ialah blueprint bagi SMB. Interaksi di antara pelanggan dan petugas Pelanggan menunggu Daripada keempat-empat gambarajah serta model yang di berikan, di dapati bahawa keberkesanan dan kecekapan bagi perkhidmatan SMB adalah agak memuaskan. Namun masih terdapat ruang yang boleh diperbaiki. Pertamanya ialah perkhidmatan bagi SMB bukanlah 24 jam, di mana ianya di tutup seawal 10:30 malam pada hari biasa dan 11:00 malam pada malam Sabtu. Penduduk kawasan Kuala Lumpur boleh dikatakan aktif pada waktu malam terutamanya mereka yang

Free Essays on Cinderella-god

When children watch versions of Cinderella in America, often times they find ways to relate to "faith" and Christian values associated with the good in the story. Christian parents also can surely use Christian values to explain the supernatural and to summarize the morals. Cinderella is a classic fairy-tale, which deals with female maturation and often the death of family member. In Cinderella's' the main character has to deal with the death of her mother and the affects of having a new family with stepsisters. In Grimms tale the stepmother is extremely stereotyped as being the evil, vain and greedy woman who shows no love or affection for her stepdaughter because she was jealous of her. "They took away her beautiful clothes, dressed her in an old grey smock, and gave her some wooden shoes" (Tatar 117). Cinderella is a very strong character in this story who remains unchangeable in her attitude towards her family even though they mistreat her. There is also a supernatural, magical element to this story when Cinderella's "fairy godmother" is introduced. This element to the story could help give children a sense of God and the idea of a guardian angel watching over them. This may possibly lead people to believe that a supernatural realm exists to award those characters with positive characteristics such as beauty, patience, kindness, obedience, or perhaps hard-work ethics. At the same time, those with characteristics that are viewed as negative such as ugliness, cruelty, disobedience, and laziness will be punished. For example, in Grimm's Cinderella the main character is portrayed as beautiful, good, hard working, and abused. Grimms version actually refers to "our lord" "If you are good and say your prayers our good lord will always be with you and I shall look down from heaven and always be with you"(Tatar 117) proving that as Americans we find ways to refer to Christian values to explain the magic. Her magical agent, the... Free Essays on Cinderella-god Free Essays on Cinderella-god When children watch versions of Cinderella in America, often times they find ways to relate to "faith" and Christian values associated with the good in the story. Christian parents also can surely use Christian values to explain the supernatural and to summarize the morals. Cinderella is a classic fairy-tale, which deals with female maturation and often the death of family member. In Cinderella's' the main character has to deal with the death of her mother and the affects of having a new family with stepsisters. In Grimms tale the stepmother is extremely stereotyped as being the evil, vain and greedy woman who shows no love or affection for her stepdaughter because she was jealous of her. "They took away her beautiful clothes, dressed her in an old grey smock, and gave her some wooden shoes" (Tatar 117). Cinderella is a very strong character in this story who remains unchangeable in her attitude towards her family even though they mistreat her. There is also a supernatural, magical element to this story when Cinderella's "fairy godmother" is introduced. This element to the story could help give children a sense of God and the idea of a guardian angel watching over them. This may possibly lead people to believe that a supernatural realm exists to award those characters with positive characteristics such as beauty, patience, kindness, obedience, or perhaps hard-work ethics. At the same time, those with characteristics that are viewed as negative such as ugliness, cruelty, disobedience, and laziness will be punished. For example, in Grimm's Cinderella the main character is portrayed as beautiful, good, hard working, and abused. Grimms version actually refers to "our lord" "If you are good and say your prayers our good lord will always be with you and I shall look down from heaven and always be with you"(Tatar 117) proving that as Americans we find ways to refer to Christian values to explain the magic. Her magical agent, the...

Geography edit down to 500 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geography edit down to 500 words - Essay Example Pythagoras asserted our planet, as part of a well-organized cosmos, has a spherical form. Plato represented a return to Pythagorus after the theories of Heraclites and Aristarchus were rejected, and Aristotle agreed with Plato’s model, with the correction that everything is material, consisting of mixtures of four elements. Strabo is most known for his Geographika, the first real encyclopedia of the ancient world while Claudius Ptolemy expanded Pythagorus’ ideas by theorizing the outer sphere rotates around the Earth each 24 hours and is approximately 10,000 Earth diameters from the centre. These early models and methods of thinking influenced the works of Ibn Haukal and Al-Biruni. Ibn Haukal traveled in Asia and Africa for 30 years and wrote â€Å"The Description of the Earth† describing people living in Spain, Italy and in the â€Å"Lands of the Romans† (Byzantine Empire). Al-Biruni calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarazm, using the altitude of the Sun and wrote several books on geography, such as Cartography, where he explained the methodology of projecting a hemisphere on a plane. He also wrote works about astrolabe, decimal system, astrology and history and had calculated the radius of the Earth to be 6,399.6 kilometers (See Biruni from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). During the medieval period (15-17th centuries), European ships traveled around the world and compounded the available maps thanks to great improvements in navigation, cartography and shipbuilding development. Many new trade routes were established, further pushing the development of natural science. The most significant travelers and explorers of this period are Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, John Cabot, Henry the Navigator and Ferdinand Magellan (See Age of Discovery from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). As the son of Portuguese King John I, Henry the Navigator was able to gather together navigators,

Saudi Arabia and the World Trade Organization Term Paper

Saudi Arabia and the World Trade Organization - Term Paper Example On the face of it, membership in the WTO means, primarily and for the most part, a reduction in tariffs, increase in foreign investment, and the importing and exporting of products and services on a level never before seen in the country. A deeper analysis shows that this has led and will continue to lead to fundamental changes in the basic business and financial structures within the kingdom, which has had an almost immediate effect on the cultural and social policies and attitudes within the Saudi Arabia. In order to attain a better understanding of these policies and what Saudi Arabia's membership in the WTO means for global enterprise and free trade we will need to consider the following three areas of analysis: 1) The economic, political and social conditions which existed just prior to Saudis accession into the WTO and the motivations that prompted them to initiate the process, 2) The obligations and stipulations of membership in the WTO for Saudi Arabia and what changes this h as led to both internally to Saudi Arabia and externally in the rest of the world, and 3) The ramifications of this accession in the long-term for global enterprise and free trade in other parts of the world. ... II. WTO Background It is important initially to highlight some of the features of the WTO in general that have precipitated many of the important changes in Saudi Arabia and how the WTO sees itself as more than a simple trade agreement and why this perspective is important for global enterprise. The successor organization to General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), in 1982 the so-called Uruguay Round of negotiations set the stage for the promulgation of the WTO. Designed to set best practices for international trade, offering a comprehensive and robust forum for trade-related negotiations as well as a dispute resolving mechanism, the WTO has expanded its role via the Doha agenda (WTO 2007) and not only sees itself as regulating body for trade but as a body that seeks to grow and develop multilateral enterprise and global trade of its member nations. This includes but is not limited to offering technical assistance to the least-developed countries within the WTO, promoting agricultural and private sector development in such countries as well as creating favorable circumstances to encourage specific types of trade with certain developing states. This expanded mission has had many positive results for both developed and developing nations as this allows for more fruitful engagement with countries along multiple lines of trade such as in Saudi Arabia, for example, where these policies have promoted growth and commerce in non-oil related sectors. This commitment is in-line with WTO's general mission as a body created to liberalize global enterprise and this liberalization has been the focal point for much of the debate in kingdom of Saudi Arabia. III. Prior to the WTO It

Regulatory Agency Essay Example for Free

Regulatory Agency Essay The role and responsibility of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), most importantly, is to uphold the laws dictated by the government concerning products that include drugs, medical products, food, and non-health related products and to protect and promote public health across the country. This essay focuses on several aspects of the FDA, from the role of the agency and its effect on health care in the United States, to the authority this agency carries in relation to health care. There will also be an explanation of how the FDA carries out these responsibilities on a day-to-day basis. The FDA has held a strong presence in the realm of public health since 1848 when it began as a consumer protection agency (FDA, 2013). The FDA, formed after the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act was put in place and inspired by the scientific work of Harvey Washington Wiley, who was the Chief Chemist at the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Wiley worked to eliminate the dangerous practices of marketing unregulated drugs and food products to consumers (FDA, 2013). Since that time, the FDA has become a powerful force, monitoring and working to protect public health in the United States. FDA Role The FDA is an agency that works within the Department of Health and Human Services. The Office of the Commissioner takes the lead role with four other branches that manage other functions (FDA, 2013). The Office of the Commissioner takes â€Å"leadership of the agency’s scientific activities, communication, legislative liaison, policy and planning, women’s and minority health initiatives, agency operations, and toxicological research† (FDA, 2013). The four groups that work under the Office of the Commissioner are the Office of Foods, the Office of Global Regulatory Operations and Policy, the Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, and the Office of Operations. The function of these five entities of the FDA is to protect and promote public health in the U. S. and to uphold the laws dictated by the government regarding public health. This is accomplished through close monitoring and testing of regulated products used by U. S. consumers. These products consist of drugs, food, cosmetics, radiation-emitting products, vaccines and other biologics, veterinary drugs and products, and tobacco products (FDA, 2013). The FDA is also constantly looking for ways to advance public health by assisting other organizations to make medications safe and more effective (FDA, 2013). Not only does the FDA monitor the food supply coming into the U. S. to ensure its safety but also plays a role in counterterrorism efforts by developing products and medications to respond to a public health threat (FDA, 2013). Issuing and enforcing warning labels for drugs and other products is another function in the role of the FDA. The labels serve to educate the public and medical professionals on the use and hazards of using a specific medication or product. However, these labels do not always have the desired effect. Impact on Health Care The efforts of the FDA throughout its history, has created a much safer consumer environment as it relates to food products, cosmetics, and other non-medical items. Foods are carefully scrutinized before they are allowed on the market to ensure these products are safe for the public to consume. Strict guidelines are in place for all types of products that are available to consumers. However, there is some controversy concerning warning labels on prescription drugs. There have been recent reports that communications by the FDA regarding drug risks are not immediately effective (Hitt, 2012). It is the duty of the FDA to monitor and enforce warnings for prescription drugs involving the safety risks to public health. According to Emma Hitt, some of the warnings that recommended increased monitoring of a patient while taking a prescription drug or increase laboratory monitoring generally caused a decrease in the use of the drug and very low increases in monitoring (Hitt, 2012). These types of oversights in clinical practice likely cause adverse effects to patients by not heeding the proper warnings set forth by the FDA. This is just a minute area in which the FDA impacts health care. Just as the FDA is responsible for monitoring drugs, products, and foods, their communications to health care providers and consumers must also be taken seriously. As Hitt states, â€Å"as the goals of risk communication are to minimize potential harms, understanding the impact of an FDA communication’s intended (and unintended) consequences on patient health outcomes should be a priority† (Hitt, 2012). Duties of the FDA The FDA carries an enormous responsibility daily to monitor, investigate, and enforce the safety of the public in general. As discussed earlier, this includes products and medications used by consumers daily. There are times when the regulations and guidelines set forth by the FDA on specific products are not followed and thus the FDA must follow up with inspections, enforce compliance, and conduct criminal investigations (FDA, 2013). The Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) is the lead office in this function of the FDA. It is the duty of the ORA to carry out investigations if a breach in regulation is suspected. Once a questionable observation is made by an investigator of the ORA, a form entitled â€Å"Form 483† is filled out by the investigator (FDA, 2013). On this form, the investigator cites what the law or regulation is and proceeds to list the questionable conditions and what law or regulation is violated. These 483 forms are maintained and revisited periodically. Some of the areas investigated are biologics, drugs, human tissue for transplantation, foods, and radiological health, to name a few. This is a major function of the FDA to ensure compliance to laws and regulations. Regulatory Authority The FDA has regulatory authority provided in the â€Å"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act† (FDC) passed by Congress in 1983. The creation of this legislation was driven by an incident where more than 100 patients died due to improperly prepared sulfanilamide medications. It replaced the earlier Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (FDA, 2013). The agency has authority to mandate preventative actions for food facilities to ensure food safety. They also have the power to conduct compliance inspections on facilities the scope of which include access to records and testing by accredited laboratories. The FDA also has several responses it can take to enforce compliance and ensure safety of consumers. It can enforce a mandatory recall of a product, and it can suspend the registration of a facility if it is determined to pose a threat of serious health consequences or the threat of death to humans or animals (FDA, 2013). Accreditation, Certification, and Authorization The FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is the division of the agency charged with the evaluation and approval of any drug prior to its release on the market. There are three phases in this certification and approval process. The research phase is conducted during the manufacture of a drug, along with the testing, then sent to a review board for recommendation (Writing, 2013). Once the recommendation is given, the drug can move to the second phase, the pre-clinical trials. Here the drug is tested on small groups of humans while measuring interactions and its effectiveness. Once this phase is complete with no adverse issues, the third phase can take place. This is a Phase 2 clinical trial that allows researchers to see if the drug works on a specific illness on patients and allows scientists to determine any side effects that may occur (Writing, 2013). The clinical phases are monitored closely, while working directly with patients to ensure that the testing remain within the standards of medical ethics. Once all of the trials are complete and all recommendations have been given, all of the results are analyzed and only then can be submitted to the FDA for approval to be sold on the market (Writing, 2013). The accreditation and approval process for all products that must be in compliance with FDA guidelines is a rigorous process but necessary for the common good. Conclusion The FDA carries so many responsibilities to provide high quality medications, foods, cosmetics, and many other products. The laws and regulations are complex and detailed. So much, in fact, most people are not aware when a regulation or guideline is being violated. The resources available to research the FDA and their functions and laws are many and well worth the time to gain education on how this enormous entity works to protect and promote public health and safety.

Liberty Defined Essay -- Slavery

Liberty, can be defined as freedom from control, captivity, or restraint; where all are equal and have the ability to do whatever is in their will, that none can be hindered by race, class or sex. While freedom is mostly brought within the ideas of slavery, as is within the contexts of Olaudah Equiano and Phillis Wheatley's works, it can also be that of women from their husbands and places in life, as with Mary Astell's work. Equiano has a firsthand account on the effects of slavery and the necessity of freedom. While describing a childhood that was ended quickly by being snatched and placed into slavery, his story is a reflection of one within many stories that are no doubt similar in fashion. The most memorable, and possibly disturbing narration involves his experiences within the slave ship. "One day, when we had a smooth sea, and a moderate wind, two of my wearied countrymen, who were chained together (I was near them at the time), preferring death to such a life of misery, somehow made through the nettings, and jumped into the sea: immediately another quite dejected fellow, who, on account of his illness, was suffered to be out of irons, also followed their example; and I believe many more would soon have done the same, if they had not been prevented by the ship’s crew, who were instantly alarmed. Those of us that were the most active were, in a moment, put down under the deck; and there was such a noise and confusion amongst the people of the ship as I never heard before, to stop her, and get the boat to go out after the slaves. However, two of the wretches were drowned, but they got the other, and afterwards flogged him unmercifully, for thus attempting to prefer death to slavery." (Equiano 749) It is almost unbeliev... ... and unsubstantiated. Works Cited Astell, Mary. "A Serious Proposal To The Ladies." The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration And The Eighteen Century. Joseph Black [et all]. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2006. Print. Pages 291-296. Astell, Mary. "A Reflections Upon Marriage." The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration And The Eighteen Century. Joseph Black [et all]. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2006. Print. Pages 297-301. Equiano, Olaudah. "Olaudah Equiano." Handout. Print. Equiano, Olaudah. "Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano." The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration And The Eighteen Century. Joseph Black [et all]. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2006. Print. Pages 743-750. Wheatley, Phillis. "Poems On Various Subjects." Handout. Print.

Phenomenology in Peter Zumthor’s architecture

Phenomenology is not a new invention, although it became synonymous with modernistic art in the early 1900’s. In fact the idea of phenomenology and the meaning of life and its numerous connections became not only an existential question, but also a study of reactivity between human beings in the hope that we might understand why things happen and why we behave in the way we do. In the social sciences, sociologists such as Max Weber wanted to understand this relationship between humans and in art this relationship culminated in the relationship between the artists and the subject and the inherent ties that are visible between the two. Peter Zumthor has become a paragon of his art and his architecture is something of a phenomenological artefact and in this case we examine his architectural pieces at Vals in Switzerland and Cologne in Germany. We look specifically at his spa complex (Therme Vals Spa) and his art museum (Kolumba). We also look at the meaning and the theory of phenomenology as a discipline in the attempt to understand the connection between Zumthor’s personal standpoint and the ideology as a whole. We look first at phenomenology as a discipline and its forefathers while also looking at the very first revelations of phenomenology in the arts. What is phenomenology? How did it come into being and why is it such a powerful tool for the arts? Phenomenology is described as the â€Å"study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. †(Smith, 2008). What is central to the idea is the intention of the subject, for instance, what does the individual intend to do with the experience? The direction of an experience is geared towards the object with pertinence to the meaning of the relationship (Smith, 2008). It was used in the social sciences by masters such as Heidegger, Husserl and Sartre and encompasses four major aspects of the philosophy of social science: epistemology, ontology, ethics and logic (Smith, 2008). Naturally, these aspects of humanity cannot be explained by scientific inquiry alone, as the human brain consists of unseen reactions as well as the physiological and observable. This posed a problem for social sciences in the sense that something could not be proven unless it could be observed. What we are able to observe, clearly, is interaction, action and reaction. What we are not able to observe is the ‘why’. Smith (2008) explains that where conscious experience is concerned the major affect is that we are able to live through them and perform them. We are able to relate a past experience only from our own standpoint, based on how we felt at the time and therefore we interpret it as it affects us personally (Smith, 2008). Hermeneutic phenomenology is a branch of the discipline that stems from the interpretive which means that we are only ever able to interpret experiences and relationships thereupon and never able to prove beyond reasonable doubt that it is true or not (Marcelle, 2005). At present, the nature of phenomenology is changing with the advent of new communication methods such as the internet (Marcelle, 2005). Indeed, artistically speaking, architecture also remains a means of communicating via its ability to relate a feeling or atmosphere that is pertinent to the emotion it wishes to convey. For example, an art museum wants to convey a different experience to that of a spa. After we have interpreted experiences, we then have to analyze them and remove notable aspects for further observation. Thereafter, phenomenology tries to expand upon different ways of thinking and understand what type of thinking allows that particular experience to be interpreted in that way. Empirical experiments attempt to determine the commonality of that experience and whether it can be proved (Smith, 2008). Some forms of phenomenology try to explain these experiences with the added benefit of neurological knowledge which is of course, empirically and scientifically proven (Smith, 2008). ` Now we know what phenomenology is but what we need to do it examine where is it began in terms of representational art and architecture. Upon viewing something it immediately invokes some sort of emotional connection: whether you like it very much or hate it, there is a reason for this connection. When we view a flower in the open air, some of us may feel euphoric and happy amongst the beauty while others may not be greatly affected by it. The same is true when viewing a rubbish heap, but with the opposite emotion. How we view this experience depends very much on the frame of mind we are in at the time and the overall mental state or personality. This was used in early Surrealist art where those such as Salvador Dali attempted to relate the internal subconscious of the self to the viewer. Dali himself used architectural type hypercube structures to convey a certain transcendence of Christ in his famous Corpus Hypercubus (1954) (Fudjack & Dinkelaker, 1999). The purpose of using this 3 dimensional construction was to invoke the sense not only of transcendence but also omnipotence with the past, present and the future all being present in one picture (Barrette, 2007). Prior to Zumthor’s work and wedged in between Dali’s was Antonin Gaudi whose post-modernist art nouveau architecture can be seen as both garish and outrageous. Gaudi’s work was not only intended for a purpose, but was also employed to have specific affect on the viewer. Sagrada Familia was not completed before Gaudi’s death in 1926 (Schumacher, 1991). Gaudi used angularity, columns and vaults in true architectural classicism and combined it with modern eclecticism to produce a gorgeously outrageous modern gothic temple. In other works, he used mosaics and facades to produce candy-like buildings that both pleased the eye and served a purpose. So phenomenology is not a new idea in the arts and was used with great effect also by artists such as Rene Magritte and in writing by Roland Barthes. Marcel Duchamps created yet another dimension to modernistic phenomenology which included a form of cerebral art that made it necessary not simply to view the piece, but to think about it and to react to it. For him, it was not so important that you liked the work, but rather that you thought about it. Duchamps constructed the Three Standard Stoppages (1914-1915) which used found articles such as string and mirror in a wooden box. This piece therefore made use of mathematical questions that were of course, not answerable. The purpose of the work was in fact to create for Duchamps his own physical ‘oeuvre’ (Betancourt, 2003). Roland Barthes created the idea that what we see is not reality if it is reproduced. Barthes viewed a picture of his mother with the knowledge that although it was his mother in the picture, it was also not his mother. It was really only a representation of her (Barthes, 1980). The question is really, what is the individual experience of the photograph? The experience of the individual is very different depending on whether or not of course, you know the object depicted. We see that phenomenology has been used for many years in the arts and in writing, and now we look specifically at the work of Peter Zumthor. Peter Zumthor was born in Switzerland on the 26 April 1943. Zumthor was the son of a cabinet maker and learnt carpentry early in life. He studied at the Pratt Institute in New York and was awarded the Carlsberg Architecture Prize in 1998 (Spiritus Temporis, 2005). Peter Zumthor also wrote extensively about his philosophy for architecture saying that: â€Å"In order to design buildings with a sensuous connection to life, one must think in a way that goes far beyond form and construction. † (Zumthor in Arcspace, 2009). The phenomenological approach of Zumthor’s work is clear in this statement as it employs the purpose and necessity of thinking about the work more than merely accepting it as a piece in which we either reside or gather. For Zumthor, the building not only has to be facilitative, but also be emotionally or sensually charged. It is only in this manner that we are able to connect with it on a personal level. The building is itself, and does not have to be representational of anything. In other words, as the Chartres Cathedral is representational of a religious artefact, Zumthor’s work has an existence beyond its representation (Zumthor in Arcspace, 2009). The Kolumba Art Museum of the Archdiocese of Cologne is a culmination of old and new religious art which was meant initially to make one think about how the two worlds intercept (Carrington, 2008). It is described as a museum of reflection (Carrington, 2008). First founded in 1853 by the Society for Christian Art and is home to 2 000 years of religious art. The most important aspect of this art however, is that it has two parallel histories. The original building was almost completely destroyed during World War II and during the year of 1973, excavations revealed medieval, Roman and Gothic remains. All the ruins were used by Zumthor to collaborate the history into one astounding piece of work (Carrington, 2008). Zumthor essentially raised the walls on cement covered steel columns and embedded both sets of historical ruins into the new walls (Carrington, 2008). The result is an amalgamation of old and new that somehow allows the viewer to notice the old rather than the new while also providing us with the same vision Zumthor himself had. Upon viewing the structure it appears to be a patchwork that is carefully constructed to produce a time-frame continuum. Yet while the building is a thoughtful invocation of old and new, it is also environmentally considered. It is constructed with ‘filter walls’ that have a air and light permeable membrane which is separated between the chapel and the exhibition rooms (Architectural News, 2007). Zumthor collaborated the use of the old world material with brick, mortar, plaster and terrazzo as a backdrop for the artworks exhibited (Architectural News, 2007). Clearly, if Zumthor wanted to he could have created a modernistic and highly technological piece of architecture like the Sydney Opera House, but his sensitivity as an artist allowed him to produce a dignified and respectful piece of architectural history that is not seen before. Windows placed across the entire space of the wall allows light to enter at all directions and also provides changing lights spaces at different times of the day (Architectural News, 2007). There is not a great difference in colour between the old and the new parts of the building considering the different materials used at any time. The gothic vaults that appear along the side of the building are embedded onto plastered and textured walls. The texture however, does not appear directly behind the gothic facade, but rather some meters above it. This means that there is no detraction from the original facade (Figure 1). Kolumba Art Museum Figure 1 Markus Bachmann (Architectural News) 2007. The Therme Vals, Switzerland has a completely different countenance altogether. Zumthor appears to be a master at replacing older structures with refreshing new ones. The spa reopened in 1996 after it was reconstructed by Zumthor from the original 1960’s building (McLaughlin, 2006). Zumthor created a modern bathing complex out of 60 000 local quartzite slabs. The buildings itself appears to be truly new age and almost alien-like, with granite dotted around geometric and glass sliding doors. In a sense, Zumthor has attempted to internalise the mountain backdrop of the exterior of the building, by incorporating the natural light available through frosted and clarified glass (Baus, 2007: 9). Holes in the sky-lights of the slabs allow natural light into the rooms where the baths are situated. The floor plan reveals lights situated under the water in the baths that glow a magical blue in the evening and is a perfect place to reflect upon ones self (Baus, 2007: 14). This is of course, the point of a spa, that one is assisted in self exploration. The domes appear to resemble eyes placed upon a shield from which the light is radiated. The purpose of this architecture is therefore not only to accommodate and enhance well being, but also to accommodate the natural environment (Baus, 2007: 5). The building itself resembles the gentle ebb and flow of the stream that feeds the spa as well as the Alpine mountains that surround it. The interior glass is frosted with yin/yang shaped apertures that allow the light into the building as seen in figure two. One is quickly able to see how the light is utilised to produce an ethereal and magical area of meditation which is particularly important to the person who is attempting to find emotional help. It is not a palatial and sentimental piece as is seen in the art museum, but then the personality of the people visiting it is not likely to be the same either. Figure 2 Interior Vals Spa – www. flickr. com/photos/amirkorour/269995495/ Remove frame The loss of senses is a contributing factor to emotional disruption and the allowance of this building to connect with the beautiful environment facilitates the reconnection of the person with the senses whether they be beauty, love, peace or euphoria. Sensory deprivation is something we have come to tolerate as humans due in part to our fast paced lifestyles and our intense need for social airs and graces. In a space such as the Vals Spa, we are able to shed these nuances of life and expect to be move back towards what Zumthor had previously explained was a sensual connection with the environment. In an interview with Zumthor available online the Termae of Stone is explained by the man himself. Zumthor states that he wanted the visitors to be able to connect with the environment and to be able to find themselves within the architecture (Zumthor, 2007). Zumthor also wanted the architecture to be a part of the healing process rather than an abstract work of art on its own. For this reason it must facilitate the human experience rather than detract from it (Zumthor, 2007). The meaning behind the architecture is that is becomes almost a mythical and ritualistic appearance of cleansing in a very spiritual manner. The spiritual is inherent in the building by virtue of it meaningful change and by symbolism. Zumthor uses the ritual of removing ones clothing as a part of this stripping of extraneous material to reveal the purity of self and of the environment, essentially becoming one with it (Zumthor, 2007). Stone and skin are two of these important factors as well as the senses being able to experience different temperatures of the water and textural changes in the light and building material. Coupled with this is an acoustic effect that tantalises all the senses: touch, sound, sight and taste. There is a clear parallel between the building and its meaning which is the essence of phenomenology. This was also attempted by Frank Lloyd Wright many years before at Falling Waters. Zumthor states too that on a formal level everything is simple and un-intrusive, an important aspect of the purpose of a healing spa. Part water and part stone, the functionality of the material is elemental to the human body which is mainly water itself (Zumthor, 2007). There is a juxtaposition between the mobility of water and the solidity of stone similar to the opposites visible in the art museum which old and new are encapsulated together. Zumthor clearly also enjoys the opposing of various opposite sets as well as the sensuality that theses opposites grant the viewer. For most people healing entails the need for the senses to be reawakened and for experience to be reinvented. In a sense, we stop experiencing the world around us when we run out of time or are clinging to the need to survive rather than seeking time for the self and its needs. The idea of a spa is not only the range of treatments that it gives the person, but also a healing form within where the person is able to completely relax. The reflection of light against the monochromatic pool floors is the same example used in the Art Museum at Kolumba where the light allowed into the building illuminates the various pieces differently all the time. Only natural light can do this, not artificial. For Zumthor, thinking is also important to the individual, because thinking is what makes us different from one another. In the same way as we do not all think in the same way, light reflections are never the same at any given time. The result is purely interpretive and hermeneutic. The effect is as much psychological as it is physiological and the spa is as much naturalistic as it is modern which is largely thanks to the quartzite slabs Zumthor has used. Zumthor is quick to explain it is his own idea of the architecture that he wishes to convey and that he takes the liberty of interpreting the piece the way he sees it (Zumthor, 2007). The idea of the piece is always accompanied by a powerful image and the visualisation of the experience (Zumthor, 2007). For Zumthor it is never an abstract idea, it is very clear. The first images that Zumthor has upon undertaking an architectural piece are naive and child-like and gradually mature into something realistic (Zumthor, 2007). The process of building never loses the initial image even though it is built upon and matured. For him it is a self defining form of architecture and not an abstract, detached one (Zumthor, 2007). Interestingly this is opposite to the previously mentioned modernist architect Antonin Gaudi whose architecture was outrageously abstract and indulgent. Zumthor has clearly focussed on communication, opening the ‘mouth’ of the architecture to allow his image to proceed. Communication is key to the hermeneutic experience, predominantly because communication is the way we define ourselves and others. It is the way we are able to relate to one another and it the only observable practice there is to humanity. Zumthor is therefore also humanistic in his approach to art and architecture. Jacky Bowring describes how as Westerners we have become detached from our senses and uses the example of Anthony Giddens that globalisation, westernisation and modernisation are intertwined. This means that the global village is slowly but surely become a Western one where sensory deprivation causes the volcanic outburst of deviant behaviour (Bowring, 2005: 81). But Western culture is also dominated by the visual meaning that what is pleasing to the eye is considered pleasing to the soul. However, other cultures such as the Indian and the Oriental employ the use of all the senses and produce an holistic effect (Bowring, 2005: 81). For this purpose, Zumthor cleverly escapes the Westernized jail in which Western society had holed itself and employs the use of other sense that essentially make us humans rather than just non-rational animals (Bowring, 2005: 81). Bowring believes that our optical and visual culture has made us deprived of other senses, which is partially true. She states: â€Å"A counter to the one-eyed focus of ocularcentrism is the recognition of senses of place that is found in the philosophy of phenomenology. †(Bowring, 2005: 82). As a result of this deprivation we have become dislocated and not a whole and functional body, hence the need for multi-sensory architecture and connectivity with our environment (Bowring, 2005: 82). For Bowring the problem is that the Western obsession with appearance has caused landscape artists to produce masses of gardens and landscapes that are ‘pretty’ or ‘stunning’ but have no other sensory satisfactions (Bowring, 2005: 83). Sturich looks at the image as a poetic one, as a hermeneutic experience by which we create images that invoke certain feelings and for Zumthor the poetry is an ‘unexpected truth’ (Sturich, 2003: 4). The poetic strengthens our relationship between the world or ourselves, making us more able to experience that world for what it really is – a culmination of all senses and not merely a material setting (Sturich, 2003: 4). Memory is another aspect of the poetic that Zumthor uses as the senses are memory precursors. The senses and the poetic becomes narratives by which we build our current worlds, beliefs and experiences (Sturich, 2003: 6). For this reason, we associate things we do not like with things that have bad memories or experiences. We may not like thatched houses because one caught fire once as a child or we may enjoy the Palace of Versailles because of a sweet cake we indulged in when visiting it. The association of what we enjoy and do not enjoy is based on our experience of it. Zumthor’s idea of what a kitchen should be is based on his memory of his aunt’s house when he was a child, as evidently he has good memories of it (Sturich, 2003: 7). Poetry relates these memories through words, architects relate these memories through their works. Sturich explains that we use buildings as repositories for poetic images that increase our awareness of the world around us (Sturich, 2003: 10). So we have the memory and the poetic image as two aspects of the hermeneutic or phenomenological that facilitate creative and healing properties of the human being and the human mind. Davidovici explains yet another interesting aspect to the phenomenology of Zumthor and that is in the culture of modern Europe. Critically speaking, Zumthor did away with the cultural need for ‘art for art’s sake’ and replaced it with a moral concern for the environment (Davodovici, date unknown: 1). Herzog and de Meuron were two of Zumthor’s counterparts, but there idea of architecture was as an artistic vehicle with a motion towards emotive charging of all materials used in a single building (Davidovici, date unknown: 1). The morphology of the building therefore entertained the idea that humanistic approaches were too formal and there was thus a need for impersonal and neutral surroundings to be banished. Zumthor, in his Kolumba Art Museum gave way to the fact that our memories are embedded in our pasts and that patriotism is a necessary part of national spirit. We see that the use of two to three worlds entwined with the modern gives exactly the right amount of emotive past and sensory present. Zumthor was concerned with creating something that we could â€Å"know, understand and feel. †(Davidovici, date unknown: 4). Again, for Zumthor the idea of building and of dwelling is the same as Heidegger’s that dwelling is the personal and identifiable space where people reside as human beings (Sturich, 2003: 1). The importance of this is that our personal space is a reflection of the self in the same way that it is also impersonal in its creation. It is the way in which we adorn our personal space that allows the true self to become self-evident. The building itself is built by someone else and very rarely is indicative of the self, but in these cases, sometimes this works as a slate upon which one can paint their own image. We see without doubt that Zumthor has created in the Vals Thermal Spa, a place where the individual is able to connect with the self because the surroundings are impersonal. However, it is very clearly natural and down to earth. Compare this for instance to the Hilton Hotel’s dotted around the Unites States that are lavish but also impersonal but offer no real opportunity to connect with the personal. The same sort of comparison can be made between the Chartres Cathedral and the Kolumba Art Museum where both themes are the religious. In the Chartres Cathedral the purest place of the architecture as a product is itself. The Kolumba, by contrast is that it should show the character of the works contained within it rather than the building itself. Zumthor also shows a very important character reference too in that the main source of his inspiration was not to show himself as being a great architect, but to preserve the past. The gothic and Romanesque arches that Zumthor preserves are beautifully melded into the modern cement walls of Zumthor’s own interpretation. The interior is also clearly geared towards preserving the art within it rather than being a work of art in itself. The need to preserve the past is also related to the importance of memory and the personal relationship both a nation and an individual has. The Vals Thermal Spa on the other hand is created in an impersonal and natural way so as not to detract from the experience that one is supposed to have. Here begins the phenomenological application: the experience, the interpretation and the analysis. The first thing one is goaded into at the spa is to experience the multi-sensory application. You are required to feel the water, see the reflection, hear the sounds of the water and also taste it. This is important to the personal experience, as every one has different ones. Also important is the fact that within the water the quartzite is locally mined and is not an anachronism for the person viewing it. The purpose is to reawaken emotion and experience of the world around and you as well as be able to reconnect with the self. We see that phenomenology is concerned with action, reaction and interaction, which is also personally experienced rather than imposed upon the individual. The theory of Roland Barthes was also pertinent to the understanding that what we see visually is not always the realistic, it is often merely a representation. What the other senses do is to make that sight into a tangible reality. One can see a picture of a something and it excites the visual sense but when we are able to feel it, smell and taste it, it becomes a tangible reality. The baths of Thermal Spa able to be felt, seen, and heard and are therefore real things. Salvador Dali also attempted to make the representational into a reality, he tried to convert the two dimensional into the three dimensional causing the person to optically believe they are able to touch and fell the article or the object. One is able to analyse the feelings one has only from the personal standpoint and never from the third person, hence the personal nature of narratives and novels where the writer places themselves in the position of the character in order to create the person they wish to describe. This means that the poetic narrative is also an inversion in a sense, of the phenomenological even though it is not truly the personal experience: the personal experience being of the first person rather than an interpretation of the first person by the third person. The importance of the relationship between the personal and the interpersonal is evident again in the fact that although we cannot prove how we feel or how others feel, we are at least able to empathise with what we see and feel around us. Zumthor is clearly wanting us to reconnect with the surroundings, our sense and our selves. In conclusion Peter Zumthor has succeeded in creating an architectural world where there is a good relationship between the past and the present; the natural and the man-made; and the self and the world. It is not merely based on the visual but also on all the senses. He relates to the human need to embrace the sensual rather than living the life of prescribed society. While science offers us a very distinct set of truths about the world around us, such as that the earth is round and that the body needs water, what it does not do is tell us how we think or why we do what we do. In architecture such as Zumthor’s, the architect recognises that in human nature very little is formulaic and we are seldom able to predict human behaviour. Certainly this cerebral art is a departure from classical, also formulaic artistic pieces. The thinking architecture is one that is able to produce the self in the its architecture and is able to allow the person to reflect on the environment as well as themselves. The Art Museum is a place where the individual is able to reflect on the person’s national past while also allowing us to be able to see the changes over time in the art in question. The Thermal Spa allows the person to reflect on themselves as well as their surroundings, hereby facilitating healing.